By: Richard Powers

For centuries, dance manuals and other
writings have lauded the health benefits of dancing, usually as physical
exercise.  More recently we’ve seen research on further health benefits of
dancing, such as stress reduction and increased serotonin level, with its sense
of well-being.

Then most recently we’ve heard of another
benefit:  Frequent dancing apparently makes us smarter.  A major
study added to the growing evidence that stimulating one’s mind can ward off
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia, much as physical exercise can keep the
body fit.  Dancing also increases cognitive acuity at all ages.

You may have heard about the New England
Journal of Medicine report on the effects of recreational activities on
mental acuity in aging.   Here it is in a nutshell.

The 21-year study of senior citizens, 75
and older, was led by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City,
funded by the National Institute on Aging, and published in the New England
Journal of Medicine.  Their method for objectively measuring mental acuity
in aging was to monitor rates of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.

The study wanted to see if any physical or
cognitive recreational activities influenced mental acuity.  They
discovered that some activities had a significant beneficial effect.
Other activities had none.

They studied cognitive activities such as
reading books, writing for pleasure, doing crossword puzzles, playing cards and
playing musical instruments.  And they studied physical activities like
playing tennis or golf, swimming, bicycling, dancing, walking for exercise and
doing housework.

One of the surprises of the study was that almost none of the physical activities appeared to offer any protection against dementia.  There can be cardiovascular benefits of course, but the focus of this study was the mind.  There was one important exception:  the only physical activity to offer protection against dementia was frequent dancing.

Reading – 35% reduced risk of dementia

Bicycling and swimming – 0%

Doing crossword puzzles at least four days a week – 47%

Playing golf – 0%

Dancing frequently – 76%.

That was the greatest risk reduction of any
activity studied, cognitive or physical. Quoting Dr. Joseph Coyle, a Harvard Medical
School psychiatrist who wrote an accompanying commentary:

“The cerebral cortex and hippocampus,
which are critical to these activities, are remarkably plastic, and they rewire
themselves based upon their use.” And from from the study itself, Dr. Katzman
proposed these persons are more resistant to the effects of dementia as a
result of having greater cognitive reserve and increased complexity of neuronal
synapses.  Like education, participation in some leisure activities lowers
the risk of dementia by improving cognitive reserve. Our brain constantly rewires its neural pathways, as needed.  If it doesn’t need to, then it won’t.

Aging and memory

When brain cells die and synapses weaken
with aging, our nouns go first, like names of people, because there’s only one
neural pathway connecting to that stored information.  If the single
neural connection to that name fades, we lose access to it.  So as we age,
we learn to parallel process, to come up with synonyms to go around these
roadblocks.  (Or maybe we don’t learn to do this, and just become a dimmer
bulb.) The key here is Dr. Katzman’s emphasis on
the complexity of our neuronal synapses.  More is better.  Do
whatever you can to create new neural paths.  The opposite of this is
taking the same old well-worn path over and over again, with habitual patterns
of thinking and living our lives. When I was studying the creative process as
a grad student at Stanford, I came across the perfect analogy to this: The
more stepping stones there are across the creek, the
easier it is to cross in your own style. The focus of that aphorism was creative
thinking, to find as many alternative paths as possible to a creative
solution.  But as we age, parallel processing becomes more critical.
Now it’s no longer a matter of style, it’s a matter of survival — getting
across the creek at all.  Randomly dying brain cells are like stepping
stones being removed one by one.  Those who had only one well-worn path of
stones are completely blocked when some are removed.  But those who spent
their lives trying different mental routes each time, creating a myriad of
possible paths, still have several paths left. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine
study shows that we need to keep as many of those paths active as we can, while
also generating new paths, to maintain the complexity of our neuronal synapses.

 Why dancing?

We immediately ask two questions:

Why is dancing better than other activities for improving mental capabilities?

Does this mean all kinds of dancing, or is one kind of dancing better than another? 

That’s where this particular study falls short.  It doesn’t answer these questions as a stand-alone
study. Fortunately, it isn’t a stand-alone study.  It’s one of many
studies, over decades, which have shown that we increase our mental capacity by
exercising our cognitive processes.  Intelligence: Use it or lose
it.  And it’s the other studies which fill in the gaps in this one.
Looking at all of these studies together lets us understand the bigger picture.
Some of this is discussed here (the page you may have just came from) which looks at intelligence in dancing. The essence of intelligence is making decisions.  And the concluding advice, when it comes to improving your mental acuity, is to involve
yourself in activities which require split-second rapid-fire decision making,
as opposed to rote memory (retracing the same well-worn paths), or just working
on your physical style. 

One way to do that is to learn something new.
Not just dancing, but anything new.  Don’t worry about the probability
that you’ll never use it in the future.  Take a class to challenge your
mind.  It will stimulate the connectivity of your brain by generating the
need for new pathways.  Difficult and even frustrating classes are better
for you, as they will create a greater need for new neural pathways. 

Then
take a dance class, which can be even better.  Dancing integrates several
brain functions at once, increasing your connectivity.  Dancing
simultaneously involves kinesthetic, rational, musical and emotional processes.

What kind of dancing?

Let’s go back to the study:

Bicycling, swimming or playing golf – 0%
reduced risk of dementia

But doesn’t golf require rapid-fire
decision-making?  No, not if you’re a long-time player.  You made
most of the decisions when you first started playing, years ago.  Now the
game is mostly refining your technique.  It can be good physical exercise,
but the study showed it led to no improvement in mental acuity. 

Therefore do
the kinds of dance where you must make as many split-second decisions as
possible.  That’s key to maintaining true intelligence. 

Does any kind of
dancing lead to increased mental acuity?  No, not all forms of dancing
will produce this benefit.  Not dancing which, like golf or swimming,
mostly works on style or retracing the same memorized paths.  The key is
the decision-making.  Remember (from this page),
Jean Piaget suggested that intelligence is what we use when we don’t already know
what to do. 

We wish that 25 years ago the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
thought of doing side-by-side comparisons of different kinds of dancing, to
find out which was better.  But we can figure it out by looking at who
they studied: senior citizens 75 and older, beginning in 1980.  Those who
danced in that particular population were former Roaring Twenties dancers (back
in 1980) and then former Swing Era dancers (today), so the kind of dancing most
of them continued to do in retirement was what they began when they were young:
freestyle social dancing — basic foxtrot, swing, waltz and maybe some Latin.
I’ve been watching senior citizens dance all of my life, from my parents (who
met at a Tommy Dorsey dance), to retirement communities, to the Roseland
Ballroom in New York.  I almost never see memorized sequences or patterns
on the dance floor.  I mostly see easygoing, fairly simple social dancing
— freestyle lead and follow.   But freestyle social dancing isn’t that simple!
It requires a lot of split-second decision-making, in both the lead and follow
roles. 

I need to digress here: 
I want to point out that I’m not demonizing memorized sequence dancing or style-focused pattern-based ballroom dancing.  I sometimes enjoy sequence dances myself, and there are stress-reduction benefits of any kind of dancing, cardiovascular benefits of physical exercise, and even further benefits of feeling connected
to a community of dancers.  So all dancing is good. 

But when it comes to
preserving mental acuity, then some forms are significantly better than
others.  When we talk of intelligence (use it or lose it) then the more
decision-making we can bring into our dancing, the better. 

  

Who benefits more, women or men?

In social dancing, the follow role automatically gains a benefit, by making hundreds of split-second decisions as to what to do next.  As I mentioned on this page,
women don’t “follow”, they interpret the signals their partners are giving them, and this requires intelligence and decision-making, which is active, not passive.  This benefit is greatly enhanced by dancing with different partners, not always with the same fellow.  With different dance partners, you have to adjust much more and be aware of more
variables.  This is great for staying smarter longer. 

But men, you can
also match her degree of decision-making if you choose to do
so.  (1) Really notice your partner and what works best for her.
Notice what is comfortable for her, where she is already going, which moves are
successful with her and what aren’t, and constantly adapt your dancing to these
observations.  That’s rapid-fire split-second decision making.   (2)
Don’t lead the same old patterns the same way each time.  Challenge
yourself to try new things.  Make more decisions more often.
Intelligence: use it or lose it. 

And men, the huge side-benefit is that your
partners will have much more fun dancing with you when you are attentive
to their dancing and constantly adjusting for their comfort and continuity of
motion.

Dance often

Finally, remember that this study made another suggestion: do it often.  Seniors who did crossword puzzles four days a week had a measurably lower risk of dementia than those who did the puzzles once a week.  If you can’t take classes or go out dancing four
times a week, then dance as much as you can.  More is better. 

And do it
now, the sooner the better.  It’s essential to start building your
cognitive reserve now.  Some day you’ll need as many of those stepping
stones across the creek as possible.  Don’t wait — start building them
now.